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Exercises for Positive Psychology:

Below you will find a variety of exercises relevant to positive psychology.  Some have been recommended by members of the friends of positive psychology listserver, and others are either my own, or variations of exercises communicated to me by my good friend Adam Morgan at the University of Technology, Sydney.

This is a work in progress. My aim is to have this grow into a larger database of relevant exercises, as well as a review of each of the exercises.  When, or if you use them, please let me know how it went. What worked well, what did not work so well and why? Alternatively, if you have an exercise that you think should be included, again let me know by contacting me at tyrone.pitsis@uts.edu.au

Thank you

Tyrone S. Pitsis

BIO: Tyrone S. Pitsis is a researcher with the Innovative Collaborations, Alliances, and Networks Research Centre at the University of Technology, Sydney. He conducts research into positive culture and leadership development. He has published in journals like Organization Science, Organization Studies and has book chapters published or in progress.  He teaches Organizational Behaviour and Organizational Analysis and Design in the MBA program at UTS. His dissertation research (at the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales) is on the psychology of spirituality (theistic and non-theistic) and its role in socially responsible behaviour. Tyrone is the American Academy of Management’s New Doctoral Student Consortium PDW Chair for 2003/2003.

  

Mood in a Balloon.

Place strips of paper with an emotion written on each into a balloon. Have at least 2 or 3 of each emotion- I tend to use Happiness, Sadness, Anger etc.. Blow the balloons up and stick them on the wall around the classroom.  Enlist students to participate in the game (enough for each of the roles for your scenario).   I then hand out to the participants a short scenario relating to work - all scenarios are identical but each student takes on a different role in the scenario.  Each of the participating students then takes a pin and burst a balloon (this is just for effect but it really does work wonders). Each student then acts out that scenario in a way that characterizes that mood or emotion. They may all have the same emotion or different emotions depending on the luck of the draw.  Repeat the exercise with different emotions. The exercise shows how emotion affects how we perceive situations (positive or negative) and cloud how we interpret events. 

 

Possible Scenario:  A customer wishes to return a faulty DVD disk. (3 actors/3 emotions)

    1. Yes, how may I help you?
    2. I’d like to return this, I think its faulty

A.  Well what do you think is wrong with it?

B.   I don’t know I just put it into the DVD player and it didn’t work

A.  Well let me have a look at it.

B.  Do you have a receipt?

A.  No.

B.  No, Oh ok then. I’ll have to call the supervisor in.

    1. What’s the problem?

A.     This person would like to return the DVD

                  C.  What’s wrong with it

            B.   I don’t know it does not work.

C.  I wonder why?

B.     I do too, it wasn’t my fault. So can you please change it?

C.     Fine.

B.   Thank you!

 

You then have the students spend some time discussing the exercise.

Position Vacant - Director of Happiness.

This exercise takes about two weeks.  Provide students with an advertisement for a fictitious job as the director of happiness at Smile-Mart - an organization that sells happiness to people.  Smile-Mart is looking for a director of happiness to oversee their "Department of Happiness" and the implementations of programs that will affect the happiness of both staff and customers in a positive way.  There are essential criteria: an ability to make people laugh - sense of humor, an ability to influence people in a positive way, an ability to think positive, and so on. 

The students then go about applying for the fictitious job. They submit their application in the next lecture.  In their application they must address all the essential criteria and provide concrete examples of how they meet each of them.  This exercise can be varied and tailored to suit the teachers intentions- for example,  1/2 the class might apply for the Director of Doom and Gloom (then students get together and look at the differences between the applications and so on in the next lecture).



Words to Live By. 

This exercise is based on a paper I am currently working on looking at the use of proverbs in everyday life. Using the attached questionnaire have students complete the questions, and then have them write the proverbs on the white board (etc) where all can see. 

Have the students analyse what these proverbs mean. Mostly people will provide inspirational proverbs that almost always have to do with motivation, resilience, and perseverance.  Others will tend to be spiritual, and the rest tend to be about humility.  I find this an excellent exercise and hopefully the results should be published in a journal near you in the non-too distant future.

PROVERBS SURVEY

While I was completing my first degree in psychology I would watch my friends go out and have fun while I stayed at home to study.  One day, fed up with always studying and not going out I complained to my mother. To instil the virtues of hard work and perseverance, my mother passed on a Greek proverb to me that she learned from her own father: “FAS  PSARI, VRECI  KOLO - which roughly translates to “If you want to catch fish, you must wet your behind!”

At the time I was so inspired by this proverb, that I printed it out and stuck it to my wall. It inspired me throughout my degree to keep working, no matter how “wet” my bottom got because one day I’ll reap the rewards. Now that I work, this proverb continues to inspire me to work hard.

I would like to know of any proverb or saying that has inspired you through life.  You will share these sayings with the class and discuss their meaning and influence upon your life. Please fill out the form below:

Your name:

Please write in BLOCK LETTERS a saying that has inspired you:

Please tell us what you think this saying means?

Please tell us briefly how you learned this saying? (e.g. passed down from your parents etc):

Are there any other sayings that inspire you? Please write them down on the other side of this paper.

Sustainability Exercise

 

This exercise aims to facilitate students in understanding the concept of a sustainable future. The exercise is derived from a conversation I had with professor Dexter Dunphy and I was inspired to go off an create this class exercise. It is also based upon the work by Dunphy and Pitsis forthcoming in Seven Heavenly Virtues of Leadership; McGraw Hill: Australia.

 

Procedure: After a brief lecture on planning, strategy, vision, and mission, I have students form groups of 5. They are given a brief on an organizational problem and asked to develop a strategy to solve the problem. Half the groups are given Form A, the other half   form B.  Students doing form A are asked to complete the exercise in the student lounge, at the coffee shop or on the campus lawn.  Students with form B complete the task in class. 

 

Each group must elect a chairperson. After completing the exercise each chairperson of all groups completing form A will meet with the chairpersons of all other groups completing form A.  The same applies to all chairpersons who completed form B.

 

When the chairpersons meet they should create a list of the main strategies on an overhead transparency.

 

The lecturer then places both transparencies on the overhead projector and compares and contrasts the strategies.

 

Some discussion questions:

 

  1. Those in group A, what were the main issues, what was the basis of your decisions? What about group B?
  2. How did the groups come to decide upon the 7 major strategies?
  3. What kinds of strategies were left out? Why were the one’s added, added?
  4. What are the main differences you can see emerging between the two groups (A and B)
  5. What are the similarities between the groups A and B.

 

Debate topics for seminar on The Value of a Positive Psychology.

 

(1.5 hrs)

 

The questions should be handed out a week before class and students are expected to do research.

 

Two groups will present. One group will present topic A (group A), the other, topic B (Group B).

 

Then allocate remaining students in groups (of 5-6 students) who will act as the reviewers.

 

 

The questions:

 

Group A. The Domain of Positive Psychology is critical to our understanding of human behavior because it provides a unique approach to theory, research and practice in psychology?

 

and

 

Group B. Disagree with Group A’s argument?

 

 

Other groups: Carefully listen to the main arguments of the debate. Record points of interest, well communicated and evidenced arguments.  After the debate, leave the room as groups and discuss your observation with your members. Your task is to make a final evaluation of which team one the debate.  You will need to show both team A and B what there strengths and weaknesses were. 

 

Class discussion:  After the evaluations the teacher should open up discussion.  The main question should be centred on the challenges of positive psychology. How might positive psychology account for, or reconcile some of the issues raised during the debate.

 

 

Here is Marty Seligman’s original posting on Strength of Character:

 

Week 1

 

1/16/03   Why Positive Psychology

 

Strength Introduction

 

Objectives:

1. To introduce each other to the rest of the class.

2. To learn to tell a complete story, with beginning, middle, and end

that tells about strength.

3. To learn to skills of rhetoric, speaking and listening.

 

Procedures:

 

1. Teacher welcomes students to the class, and tells them that for the first class, they will be introducing themselves to the class.  Instead of the same old “My name is Mary.  I’m a junior psychology major” introduction, they instead tell a story that shows the student

exemplifying their highest strength.  Teacher tells class that this is also a lesson in rhetoric: listening and speaking.  After each introduction, the class is expected to comment on each story, learning how to listen and respond appropriately.  The storyteller as well should be able to accept whatever compliments and comments come from the class not with modesty, but assertive gratitude.  Teacher should start with

either a sample anecdote or a story of their own.  (20 min)

 

2. After teacher’s story, have the class go one by one introducing themselves, allowing about 8 minutes for each story, questions, and comments. (80 min). Be sure and eliminate “like’s” and “uh’s” by gently pointing them out.

 

3. After students tell their story, assign them to write their introduction as homework.

 

Example Anecdotes:

 

a. Sarah, a perky senior, told us a story about herself when she was about ten years of age. She had noticed that her father was working very hard and that a chilliness had descended between her parents. She was worried that they might divorce. Without telling her parents, she went to the local library and read books on marital therapy, which is

remarkable enough, but what really made us marvel was the rest of her story. She turned dinner conversations with the family into deliberate interventions, encouraging her parents to solve problems jointly, to argue fairly, to express their likes and dislikes about one another in behavioral terms, and so on. She was, at age ten, a prodigy,

specifically with respect to the character strength of social intelligence.

b. In the summer of 1998, I got a job working at the Concerto, a 34-story apartment building.  My father was the afternoon concierge at the time.  I was convinced that I was being hired as a doorman.  This was unfortunately not the case.

On my first day, the superintendent takes me to the sub-basement to be a porter.  A porter at the Concerto was not exactly the most glamorous job one could find.  Every morning, after punching in, I would have to go down to the sub-basement to empty out the trash compactor.  A trash compactor is pretty much exactly what its name implies; it takes trash and crushes it as much as possible, then stuffs it into a large, industrial sized trash bag.  The trash comes into the compactor through a large chute that extends through the apartment building.  Anyone who’s lived in an apartment building knows these things well.  I spent my summer on the other end of that chute. Unfortunately, crushing the trash over and over again takes a lot of time so my co-workers taught me a trick to make emptying the compactor easier.  The first thing is to open the side of the compactor.  Then, put on the big industrial gloves that were next to the compactor.  Next,

take a deep breath, and start pulling garbage out of the compactor. While still holding your breath, put the garbage into another industrial-sized garbage bag.  This is as disgusting as it sounds, worse actually. One morning, I put on the big yellow gloves, opened the side of the compactor and started pulling out bags of garbage.  While removing the bags, I heard a noise coming from up in the chute.  Something was on its

way down.  My co-workers warned me about incoming garbage.  If you hear

something coming down, get out of the way as fast as you can.  One of my

co-workers was emptying the compactor a few years ago, and a Snapple bottle feel, breaking apart and slicing his arm pretty deeply.

 

With this thought in mind, I backed away from the compactor, thinking I was safe from whatever was coming down.  How wrong I was.  CLANG, CLANG, CLANG, BOOM!  Some stupid idiot in the building threw down an open can of blue paint.  I remember seeing a blue tsunami heading my way right before I closed my eyes.  SPLASH!  After I felt the paint stop hitting me, I opened my eyes, not being able to see anything because there was blue paint covering my glasses.  I wiped the paint off my glasses,

looked down, and saw that I was covered head to toe in blue paint.  I was a little angry because I still had 8 hours left in my shift, and I was covered in blue paint!!!

I started muttering, screaming and yelling to myself, to the compactor and to the mental midget living in the apartment who decided not to close his bucket of paint.  CLANG, CLANG, CLANG, again, I heard something coming down.  I thought to myself, “Now what, red paint?!?” CLANG, CLANG, RIIIIIIIIIIIP, WHOOSH.  Apparently, what followed the blue paint was a ripped open trash bag of kitty litter… used kitty litter.

Well, I went from a tsunami to a dust cloud.  Again, I closed my eyes. When I opened them a bit later, I looked at myself, this time, covered in blue paint and cat feces.  I had just become the long lost Smurf, Stinky…  There really was nothing that could have been done, so I hung my head low, and laughed myself silly.

 

Variants of Strength Introduction

 

Same process, but the story of one’s “Highest Moment.”

 

This exercise is from Chris Peterson from the University of Michigan

 Here is an alternative icebreaker, based on the Marty Seligman’s. I have not tried it, but I have a good hunch it would work:

 Teacher welcomes students to the class, and tells them that for the first class, they will be introducing themselves to one another. Instead of the same old "My name is Mary, and I'm a junior psychology major from New Jersey" introduction, they instead should tell a concrete story about when they were most happy. The teacher tells class that this is also a lesson in rhetoric: listening and speaking.  After each introduction, the class is expected to comment on each story, learning how to listen and respond appropriately.  The storyteller as well should be able to accept whatever compliments and comments come from the class not with modesty, but assertive gratitude. The teacher should start with either a sample anecdote or a story of his or her own. After the teacher's story, have the

class go one by one introducing themselves, allowing about 8 minutes for each story, questions, and comments. One hopes that different ideas and themes concerning happiness-its meaning and conditions-will emerge. After the students tell their stories, assign them to write their introduction as homework.

  

This is an exercise posted by Hank Kearns.  Thank’s Hank.

 Pass out index cards to every student. Give the following instructions.

 In the middle of the card, print the name you want to be called, nickname, etc. I tell the students this is your chance to change your name if you did not like the one your parents gave you. No one has ever taking the opportunity to do so.

 In each of the corners have the students write a piece of information that you request.

 For example, in the bottom right hand corner write two of your strengths. In the top right hand corner write a hero of yours (deceased of alive), in the bottom left hand corner write the name of an activity that makes them happy, and in the top left hand corner of the card, one goal they have set for themselves this year.

 Of course you can make up your own topics for each corner.

 Once the cards are complete have the class make dyads. In the dyads, have each student introduce themselves to their partner. After each of the students have introduced themselves, have the partners take turns introducing their partners to the entire class. As Chris and Marty suggest, this is an opportunity learn to skills of rhetoric, speaking and listening.

Spot the word

Another exercise that works well - although I use this in the MBA class, but can be varied and tailored to teaching PP- is spot the word.  I provide students with a list of words that may or may not appear in the lecture,  (ideally works best when about 60% of the words appear). All the words are central to the core topic of the day's lecture. The exercise is a great way of getting students to listen to key concepts.

What often happens is that students tick words that were not in the lecture.  I then ask them why they chose these words? What assumptions they made about the lecture? or of the exercise that caused them to choose these extra words.  PS: I don't make this exercise competitive (e.g. I do not reward those who find all the words).